Our knowledge of orthopaedics. Your best health.

Medical Risk Factors

• Impaired musculoskeletal function, gait abnormality, and osteoporosis
• Cardiac arrhythmias (irregular heartbeat) and blood pressure problems
• Depression, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia
• Arthritis, hip weakness, and imbalance
• Neurologic conditions, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis
• Urinary and bladder dysfunction
• Vision or hearing loss
• Cancer that affects the bones (primary bone cancer or metastatic bone disease)
• Side effects of medications, such as drowsiness and confusion

Personal Risk Factors

• Age. The risk of a fall increases with age. Normal aging affects our eyesight, balance, strength, and ability to quickly react to our environment.
• Activity. Lack of exercise leads to decreased balance, coordination, and bone and muscle strength.
• Habits. Excessive alcohol intake and smoking decrease bone strength. Alcohol use can also cause unsteadiness and slow reaction times.
• Diet. A poor diet and not getting enough water will deplete strength and energy, which can make it hard to move and do everyday activities.

Risk Factors in the Home

• Many falls are the result of hazards like slippery or wet surfaces, poor lighting, inadequate footwear, lack of handrails, and cluttered pathways in the home.
• Most fractures are the result of a fall in the home, usually related to everyday activities such as walking on stairs, going to the bathroom, or working in the kitchen.

Understand Your Health and Medications

• Get an annual eye examination, and a physical that includes an evaluation for cardiac and blood pressure problems.
• Maintain a diet with adequate dietary calcium and Vitamin D.
• Do not smoke.
• Avoid excessive alcohol intake.
• Keep an up-to-date list of all medications and frequently provide it to all doctors with whom you consult.
• Check with your doctor(s) about any side effects of your medications and over-the-counter drugs, since both fatigue and confusion increase your risk of falling.
• Make sure all medications are clearly labeled and stored in a well-lit area.
• Take medications on schedule with a full glass of water, unless otherwise instructed.

Exercise

• Talk to your doctor about starting an exercise program.
• If possible, participate in an exercise program that aids agility, strength, balance, and coordination. Climbing stairs, jogging, hiking, dancing, core conditioning, weight training, and other activities can help build bone strength and slow the progression of osteoporosis, a disorder that causes bones to thin and weaken. 
• Active pastimes (e.g., bicycling and gardening) can help improve health and quality of life.

Learn more: Exercise and Bone Health

Footwear

• Wear properly fitting shoes with nonskid soles.
• Avoid high heels.
• Tie your shoelaces. Or, choose slip-on shoes (no laces) or shoes with Velcro closures.
• Use a long-handled shoehorn if you have trouble putting on your shoes.
• Never walk in your stocking feet. Replace shoes or slippers that have stretched out of shape and are too loose.

Bedroom

• Place a lamp, telephone, or flashlight near your bed.
• Sleep on a bed that is easy to get into and out of.
• Replace satiny sheets and comforters with products made of nonslippery material, such as wool or cotton.
• Arrange clothes in your closet so that they are easy to reach.
• Install a nightlight along the route between your bedroom and the bathroom.
• Keep clutter, including electrical cords, off the bedroom floor.

Living Areas

• Arrange furniture so you have a clear pathway around each room and between rooms.
• Keep low-rise coffee tables, magazine racks, footrests, and plants out of the path of traffic.
• Install easy-access light switches at room entrances so you will not have to walk into a dark room to turn on the light. Glow-in-the-dark switches also may be helpful.
• Walk only in well-lit rooms, stairs, and halls.
• Do not store boxes near doorways or in hallways.
• Remove newspapers and all clutter from pathways.
• Keep electric, appliance, and other cords out of walkways, but do not put cords under a rug.
• Do not run extension cords across pathways.
• Secure loose area rugs with double-faced tape, tacks, or slip-resistant backing.
• Do not sit in a chair or on a sofa that is so low that it is difficult to stand up.
• Repair loose wooden floorboards right away.
• Remove door sills higher than a half inch.

Kitchen

• Remove throw rugs.
• Clean up immediately any liquids, grease, or food spilled on the floor.
• Store food, dishes, and cooking equipment within easy reach.
• Do not stand on chairs or boxes to reach upper cabinets.
• Use nonskid floor wax.

Stairs

• Keep stairs clear of packages, boxes, or clutter
• Light switches should be at the top and bottom of the stairs. Or, consider installing motion-detector lights that turn on automatically when someone walks by.
• Provide enough light to clearly see each stair and the top and bottom landings.
• Keep flashlights nearby in case of a power outage.
• Remove loose area rugs from the bottom or top of the stairs.
• Replace patterned, dark, or deep-pile carpeting with a solid color, which will show the edges of steps more clearly.
• Put nonslip treads on each bare-wood step.
• Install handrails on both sides of the stairway. Each should be 30 inches above the stairs and extend the full length of the stairs.
• Repair loose stairway carpeting or wooden boards immediately.

Bathroom

• Place a slip-resistant rug adjacent to (beside) the bathtub for safe exit and entry.
• Mount a liquid soap dispenser on the bathtub/shower wall.
• Install grab bars on the bathroom walls.
• Keep a nightlight in the bathroom.
• Use a rubber mat or place nonskid adhesive textured strips inside the tub.
• Replace glass shower enclosures with shatterproof material.
• Stabilize yourself on the toilet by using a raised seat or a special toilet seat with armrests.
• Use a sturdy, plastic seat in the bathtub if you need to sit while showering, lower yourself to the floor of the tub for a bath, or are unsteady in general.